Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward Essay

Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward strategy for increasing the motivation and productivity of all their employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement - Essay Example The companies must be offering their employees a positive reward experience and include them in the growth process of the company to be in a win-win situation. The reward structures may be monetary or may be intrinsic. The monetary rewards are one of the most important parts of the reward structure. Assigning values to each employee is one of the most significant jobs of the HR department. The company determines an employee’s value primarily by three ways- according to the skills, performance and their relative value in the job market. The companies have to fix the basic pay of labor and assign the suitable person for the profession. The base pay should compensate the individual with the ongoing value and incentives may be offered as rewards for their performance. (Zingheim & Schuster, March, 2000; Optimizing reward spend, n.d.). In addition to the monetary benefits, the employees look for other benefits from the company. The benefits may range from training & development of e mployees to offering good working conditions. These benefits have acquired importance in the modern business parlance with more and more individuals looking for other benefits than just the payment rewards. The reward structure of a company to a large extent depends upon the corporate goals of the companies. (Reward Strategy, n.d.) The paper presents a debate upon the type of reward strategies of the companies to motivate their employees and concludes upon the most effective one. In this modern era, money alone is not the motivating factor and non-monetary benefits are equally important. In fact, it can be said that non-monetary benefits is the most important strategy followed by companies to motivate their employees. Giving rewards to the employees has assumed great importance because companies all over the world have understood that the employees are the reason for their existence. The reward structure of the company is primarily dominated

The Compulsory Process Clause Of The Sixth Amendment Essay Example for Free

The Compulsory Process Clause Of The Sixth Amendment Essay The sixth amendment to the U. S. Constitution guarantees the defendant â€Å"compulsory process. †1 For this provision was ignored, until the Supreme Court gave it life in Washington v. Texas, 388 U. S. 14 (1967). One night, Jackie Washington learned a girl he was dating, Jean Carter, was seeing another boy. Angry, Washington and Charles Fuller got a shotgun and drove to Carter’s house. Leaving others in their car, Washington and Fuller got out, with Washington carrying the shotgun. Moments later, the shotgun was fired, killing Carter’s boyfriend. Fuller and Washington ran to the car, with Fuller now holding the shotgun. Fuller was charged with murder, convicted, and sentenced to 50 years in prison. Texas then brought Washington to trial for murder. At his trial, Washington testified that as he approached the house, he realized that what he was doing was crazy, and decided to go back. Fuller, drunk, grabbed the shotgun, saying he was going to shoot someone. Washington tried to get Fuller to leave, but Fuller insisted on going on. Washington then ran towards the car. He was running away when the shotgun was fired. At the trial, Washington then tried to call Fuller as a witness to corroborate his story, but the prosecution objected. Under a Texas law, if the prosecution had called Fuller as a witness against Washington, he could testify, but Washington was barred from presenting Fuller as a witness. Fuller, who was present in the courtroom, was not allowed to testify. Washington was convicted of murder. Washington appealed, arguing that he had not been accorded his right to compulsory process. Texas responded that Washington had been accorded all compulsory process entitled him to. Because Fuller was in prison at the time of the trial, Washington’s attorney had issued a subpoena to have him appear in court to testify. Texas authorities had complied with the subpoena. They had brought Fuller from the prison to the court, so that he was in the courtroom, though barred from testifying. Texas insisted that this was â€Å"compulsory process. † The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that this was not constitutionally sufficient. Compulsory process would mean little if it gave the defendant only the right to bring to the courtroom persons who could not testify. The Constitution did not make such hollow gestures. For the compulsory process clause to be meaningful, the defendant had to have the right to have his witnesses appear and testify, so that the jury could hear what the witness had to say. Texas justified its rule by arguing that its statute was meant to protect against witnesses who would lie for one another. In this instances, Fuller had been convicted. But what if Fuller had been found not guilty and then in Washington’s trial confessed his own guilt while exonerating Washington. However persuasive this argument seemed, the Court rejected it, insisting that issues of the believability of a witness were for the jury to decide. A rule which denied a defendant a right promised in the Bill of Rights could not stand where it was based on the unproved and unprovable presumption that any given class of defense witnesses were presumed to be unbelievable. If Fuller was such an unbelievable witness if he was testifying for Washington, why was he presumed truthful if testifying against him? The better policy, the Court insisted, the policy which the Constitution required was to allow all witnesses who had relevant and material evidence to testify, letting the jury find the truth. This case, Washington v. Texas, made the concept of compulsory process as guaranteed by the sixth amendment an important part of a modern justice system.

The Most Common Types of Leukemia in Adults Essay -- health, diseases

In the United States, there was an estimated 310,046 people are living with or are in remission from Leukemia according to statistics gathered in 2013. Incidence rates for all types of leukemia developing in males are higher than in females; males are expected to account for approximately 57 percent of the new cases of leukemia. In all races or ethnicities, it is the tenth most frequently occurring type of cancer. However, incidence is highest among non-Hispanic whites, (13,600) while incidence is lowest among Asian and Pacific Islander populations (7,400) and American Indian and Alaska Native populations (7,300). In 2013, leukemia was diagnosed in approximately twelve times as many adults (43,749) as children and adolescents younger than 15 years (3,605). The median age at diagnosis is sixty-six years old and the median for death caused by the disease is seventy-five years old. The most common types of leukemia in adults are Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leuke mia (ACL). The most common type of leukemia in children and adolescents younger than 20 years is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). In 2010, ALL was accountable for 74 percent of the new leukemia cases in children and adolescents younger than 20 years. Most cases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) occur in adults. In 2010, CML was accountable for about 3.3 percent of new cases of leukemia in children and adolescents younger than twenty years. Almost two percent of all cases of CML are in adolescents, ages 15 to 19 years. There was a notable improvement in survival from 1975 to 2008. Divided into five year periods, there was only a 34% survival rate from 1975 to 1977 but the survival rate rose to 58% from 2002 to 2008, the difference being statistical... ...Finke, J., †¦ Rocha, V. (2012). Bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, an Acute Leukaemia Working Party analysis in 2262 patients. Journal of Internal Medicine, 272, 472–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02547.x Siegel, R., Naishadham, D., & Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer Statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin, 63, 11–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21166. Wang, J. C. Y., & Dick, J. E. (2005). Cancer stem cells: lessons from leukemia. Trends in Cell Biology, 15, 494–501. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2005.07.004 Weber, C. (2013). Leukaemia: how can stem cells help? EuroStemCell. Retrieved February 14, 2014, from http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/leukaemia-how-can-stem-cells-help Wu, L. (2012). Leukemias. Medscape. Retrieved February 14, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1201870-overview

Explain the role of effective communication Essay

A common form of communication is texting. This electronic form is used every day and can be used as a replacement for voice utilized conversation if the communicator is unable to speak. Another form of communication is drama. Drama is an expressive art and is often used as a way to allow people to express themselves emotionally in meaningful ways or to relay a message. Sign language is an important form of communication as it aids communication with individuals who are unable to hear or speak. It consists of the use of the hands forming different shapes, movements or symbols to represent a word or phrase and it becoming increasingly popular. In health and social care, effective communication is essential and significant as it ensures that workers are doing their jobs correctly and patients are in good care. This means that workers need to communicate with a wide range of people such as colleagues, professionals, workers from different agencies and patients. When communicating with colleagues, health and social worker need to make sure they are being polite and respectful as not only does this build a strong working relationship, but it is also a way of practicing how to speak to patients and others who use the services. Having a strong working relationship with colleagues ensures that health and social workers are able to listen effectively which is highly important as they will need to know and remember important information about their job and patients. It also helps to build trust as, like with patients, workers must try to keep and respect the confidentiality of others. People who work in professions often have ‘language communities’. A ‘language community’ is a professions individual form of communication that contains unique words and phrases that are particular to that profession. When health and social workers are communicating with people from different professions it is easy for them to misunderstand each other, there for it is important for the workers to listen carefully and check to ensure that they understood correctly to avoid and problems later on. Likewise, health and social workers also need to make sure that when they are communicating with patients and others who use the services that they are explaining themselves properly and not using their community language so the patients will understand. Also, when  communicating with professionals from different agencies, it is important for health and social workers to be aware that not everyone is from the same language community so it is necessary to take extra care and communicate in a way that everyone will understand. There are two types of interpersonal interaction; verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication most often refers to speech. People from different areas, backgrounds and professions often have different variations of speech depending on the words and phrases that they use; this is known as a ‘language community’. Although this brings people together, it can also shut them out and make people feel excluded. An example of this would be that health and social workers are all part of a language community however this could be a barrier to those who are not such as patients for example. In speech many people use their mother tongue or first language which is the language that they grew up knowing and speaking. However, some people are open to a second language that they may have learnt later on. Although this has its advantages, it is said that people who use their second language as opposed to those who use their first, cannot communicate their thoughts as effectively. Non-verbal communication can take many forms such as a person’s posture and body language, the gestures they use, their facial expressions and their ability to listen. Through non-verbal communication, people can often tell how others are feeling, for example happy, sad or even tense. A person’s body language can include their posture, proximity and movement which all send out messages. Sitting up straight can often mean a person is listening and they are attentive where as if a person was to slouch it would send out the message that they are bored or not paying attention. This is similar to other movements such as nodding your head. The way a person moves also conveys messages such as walking quickly may be recognised as stress or a lack of posture may mean a person is tired. The proximity between two people when they communicate also reveals information. If two people who are socially distant or do not have a close relationship are talking, they may stand further apart as to be polite and not get into each other space however if two people are very close they may feel they can close the distance and be a little more intimate.

Confessions of an Economic Hit man Essay

Set#1, Q2) The individual actions that Perkins takes are often influenced by larger social forces and institutions. What are the major social forces and institutions that shape his life? How did these forces and institutions shape the choices that Perkins faced? Do you see specific points in his life when Perkins could have made different choices? Perkins say’s that he was an economic hit man. What we do is not, in essence, illegal, but it should be. We find third world countries with some resource that can be developed and then give a huge loan to that country. The money, however, never goes to that country, but to our own companies within that country–companies that benefit only a few very rich people (Perkins, 2005). In many of these countries, you build a power plant or something that devastates the land, and the lines go only into the big cities, not to the farmers, peasants, etc. These people also don’t benefit from the ports and highways we build because they don’t have boats and they don’t have cars, and yet the whole country is left with a huge debt, and the money to pay the interest alone is being taken from education, healthcare, and other social services. In the end, the country can’t pay its debt, so we â€Å"hit men† go back to the country and take our â€Å"pound of flesh,† (Perkins, 2005) forcing them to sell their oil or some other resource to us for very cheap. It’s interesting that people think that other countries that have sent troops to Iraq in support of us have done so out of principle, but they were essentially blackmailed into it because they owed us so much money. The average person in these countries is actually worse off because of these projects, not better (Perkins, 2005). These projects do contribute to an increased Gross National Product (GNP) and total economic statistic of the country, but the well-being of the majority of people in these countries is not reflected in the GNP, because the GNP reflects the output achieved by the upper classes that own the business, industry, and commercial establishment. That process of making loans should be illegal. If Perkins say’s that he were a banker it would be illegal if Perkins say’s that he enticed you into taking a loan that Perkins say’s that he knew you couldn’t afford. But done on an international basis, it is not illegal. So economic hit men do not do illegal things. We are distinct from the â€Å"jackals† who do in fact do illegal things, like governments, and other activities that are extremely disruptive, yet incidentally, extremely effective. When Jaime Hurtado of Ecuador was assassinated because of economic hit men including me, and when Omar Torrijos of Panama was assassinated for the same reason in 1981, suddenly the peoples’ spirits in these two countries plummeted, especially since their spirits were soaring with the election of these leaders. The jackals are very effective not only in that they topple these governments, but they break the spirits of these people. (Perkins, 2005) Historians have long known that U. S. policy was to overthrow governments that challenged our political power or restricted or interfered with the ability of our international corporations from making big profits. They point to our role in Guatemala, Chile, Iran, etc. Its pretty well established that we were involved in trying to overthrow Hugo Chavez in Venezuela in 2002; in fact, the administration has admitted that. We certainly know what we’re doing in Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, and Afghanistan, so it’s well established that the U. S. government gets pretty in tries. â€Å"When the jackals fail, young Americans are sent in to kill and to die. † (Perkins, 2005) Perkins personal involvement or the involvement of other individuals in the book are well documented, so the only real question one could have is: â€Å"Did John Perkins really do this, or was it someone else who did these things? (Engler, 2005) But if someone actually took the time to look over all of the documents–Perkins passport for example–they would walk away without the shadow of a doubt that Perkins say’s that he was involved in doing these things. Let me add that it doesn’t serve anyone’s interest to be in denial. What we need to do is understand our mistakes and set them right. This will allow us the opportunity to move forward, start fresh, and create a better world. So, rather than denying the things we have done, we should focus on what we can do to set things right, and create a model that reflects the ideals of what Perkins say’s that he was brought up to believe America is all about. When Perkins say’s that he was an economic hit man these things weighed on Perkins conscience. Perkins say’s that he struggled with them. In Perkins heart, Perkins say’s that he came to understand that what Perkins say’s that he was doing was really bad. After being a hit man for over ten years, Perkins say’s that he was in the Caribbean on St.John’s Island and while on a boat, Perkins say’s that he saw a sugarcane plantation that was grown over with bougainvilleas. As Perkins say’s that he sat there, Perkins say’s that he realized that the plantation was built on the bones of thousands of slaves, and that our entire hemisphere was built on the bones of millions of slaves, and then it struck me that Perkins say’s that he too was a slaver, that Perkins job as an economic hit man was promoting a different form of slavery, and Perkins say’s that he just had an epiphany, and realized that Perkins say’s that he could no longer do this. (Engler, 2005) Set#2, Q4) Was Perkins himself responsible for the banking disasters he claims he caused? Why or why not? Perkins writes that he is aware that people like Tom Friedman are telling us that America’s role in the world has been extremely positive and that we’re not doing a favor to anyone by telling them that economic development isn’t doing good, because economic development is the only path towards human realization and building a hope that might counter the despair that leads to a 9/11-type atrocity (Perkins, 2005). Perkins say’s that he would agree that economic development is very important, provided that it reaches the poor people. Otherwise the Friedman argument is a little bit like saying that slavery in the United States pre-Civil War was good because the slaves from Africa came to a civilized Christian country and they had food and housing on the plantations. But they were slaves! You could make the point, as people did in those days, that their conditions were better than those in Africa, but Perkins say’s that he think that’s a very irrational argument. That’s the same argument you could make about people in third world countries today, that they are better off now working in the sweatshops living off of two dollars a day. The point is that economic development since the 1970s has been very detrimental to the poor. They’ve been pushed out of the villages in which an ethos of collective responsibility guaranteed that people would do all they could to care for each other, even while being â€Å"dirt poor. † (Perkins, 2005) The quality of their mutual support never showed up in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but it meant that far fewer people had to sell their children into prostitution or slavery to have â€Å"enough†(Perkins, 2005) to eat or a place that felt reasonable to live. In monetary terms, of course, the gap between rich and poor since the 1970s has more than doubled. (Perkins, 2005) That is not to say that economic development is wrong–we need more economic development, but it needs to be done in a way that helps the people on the bottom rung. It is not true that raising the economies of these places affects all the people there positively. What is true is that mostly the rich profit, while everyone else gets poorer. So we need a new view on what economic development really is. The extremes of poverty and inequality are connected to widespread support for terrorism and rebellion around the world. Perkins say’s that he have never met a terrorist who wanted to be a terrorist. They are terrorists because their land has been destroyed by oil plants or hydro-electric plants. â€Å"We can trade in that old nightmare of polluting industries, clogged highways, and overcrowded cities for a new dream based on Earth-honoring and socially responsible principles of sustainability and equality. † (Perkins, 2005) They become terrorists because they don’t know what else to do. Or they witnessed this happening to others whom they cared about, even if they themselves were not economically suffering. Of course, there are fanatical leaders that exploit this desperation in people. There will always be killers and sociopaths, but people like that don’t have any power unless there is a large grassroots following that relates to what they are saying. For example, Osama Bin Laden is Muslim, and South America is primarily Catholic (Perkins, 2005). Yet, you travel to South America and you see pictures of Osama Bin Laden, because people relate to him as a David standing up to a Goliath. These people are desperate, and unhappy with the situation today. So this gap between the rich and poor has created a tremendous amount of anger and hatred. There is a tremendous amount that we can do. Perkins say’s that he is very optimistic that we can turn this all around, that we can create a sustainable, stable, and peaceful world. We must realize that the only way our grandchildren can inherit this is if every child born in every corner of the planet has the same opportunity to make this happen. We are a very small planet at this point. Corporations today basically run the geopolitics, so we must change the corporations. They control the whole world in a very significant way, and yet they are incredibly vulnerable to us in that they rely on us to buy their goods and services and provided them with employees, and we have been extremely successful in changing corporations whenever we put our minds to it. Just recently major food chains did away with Tran’s fat because we demanded it. We are really successful at turning corporations around when we try, but now we must take this up a notch. Instead of just cleaning up rivers and protecting the ozone layer, we have to demand that they no longer orient their profits to benefit a few rich people, and that they make it their goal to contribute to a better world for us and our children. (Engler, 2005) Perkins say’s that he know this will happen because Perkins say’s that he know a lot of CEOs, and none of them want to see rainforests destroyed, or terrorism, or Florida covered in ocean, but they are all operating under the idea that their mandate is to make greater and greater profits for their shareholders. But that is not their mandate. They can still make their profits, but their mandate is to make a better world for all of us. In the final analysis, each of us must follow our passions and talents to create a more sustainable world. We take different paths, but we can all work towards the same end (Perkins, 2005). Why should corporations just continue to be able to go out a plunder? They should be responsible to bigger bodies than just their stockholders. Perkins writes that he is struck by the statistics that during WWII, big corporations contributed about 50 percent to our income tax, and in 2001 it was something over 20 percent. In recent years it’s been under 10 percent. Some of the most profitable and powerful corporations don’t pay taxes at all, and some get a tax credit despite how profitable they are. Ultimately, the corporations have to be willing to pay their dues.

Effect of presentation mode on recall of news infromation Essays

Effect of presentation mode on recall of news infromation Essays Effect of presentation mode on recall of news infromation Essay Effect of presentation mode on recall of news infromation Essay A media comparison study was conducted to compare undergraduates recall of news information presented in three different conditions; to establish which form of medium is most effective in conveying information. A sample of 93 psychology undergraduates were presented with a series of violent and non violent new stories; either audio-visually, in audio or in print. Immediately after presentation, subjects were tested for cued recall of story content. Significant result of presentation medium and content type was found. As predicted recall of information was best in the print and was worst in the audio condition. Overall violent content was recalled better than non-violent content, especially in the audio-only and print modes. Statistical results indicate that reading the news produces a much more effective retention of information than listening or watching the news. This also confirms previous findings on adults that recall of material presented in print medium is superior to that from radio or television presentation. Therefore results have implications for future presentation of news information It has always been part of human nature to obtain information about the world surrounding it and the people within it from some kind of source. In the past, it was often family or the church (religion) that provided information to the people. In modern society, however, we have various sources that provide us with the required information. The main ones include the radio, newspaper, magazines and the internet; however with the wide spread of technological advances television has become predominately the main source of information. In particularly when providing people with knowledge about what is currently happening in the world (current affairs). In public opinion surveys, people frequently claim television as their most important source of news information. The provision of news is also regarded as one of the key functions of television and as one of its major source of gratification for viewers. Despite the fact that many people claim that they refer to television for much of their news information, and that they learn a great deal from television bulletins. Research with broadcast news has shown that When subjects are tested immediately after presentation of news bulletins content; viewers and listeners frequently fail to remember very much from specific news programmes. There are many factors that lie within the audience that can account for the lack of retention, such as attention, motivation and background knowledge relating to the news content. Recently, researchers are becoming increasingly aware of the various presentation factors that can have significant effect on learning. The main question that arises out of this particular research is whether conveying important information via television medium compares favourably or unfavourably with either print or radio medium. The visual images of television are often said to set television news apart from other news media. The pictures, color, and motion help to make televisions portrayal of events quite real (Graber, 1988). As Ron Nessen, Press Secretary for President Gerald Ford, once said that Television is reality if it hasnt happened on television, it hasnt happened (Gunter, 1987). This element of reality associated with television pictures enhances the credibility of news reports. The majority of the public has come to rely heavily on television as their primary source of news and deems it more believable than radio, newspapers, and magazines. In America television was identified as a news source by 65% of the population in a recent national survey, compared to only 42% who mentioned newspapers, 14% radio, 4% magazines, and 5% other people. It was also discovered that if there were conflicting reports of the same story, television stories would be most believed by 49% of respondents, whereas 26% would believe newspapers, 7% radio, and 5% magazines (Stanley and Niemi, 1990). The ability to view events and to judge them for oneself through the visual images of television helps to make television believable. But does that mean that television visuals help people to learn and recall information presented better in comparison to other mediums?. Recently researchers have demonstrated considerable differences in the perception of actors as a function of the channel of communication. When comparing learning from print and television presentation of the same material, results have indicated that learning may be better from print. Therefore contradicting the publics subjective view that they learn a great deal more from television than print. In William, Paul and Ogilvie (1975) study , television, radio and print conditions of presentation were compared, it was found that there was significantly better memory performance for material from television than from radio, and with radio been significantly better than print. However, a more recent study, by Wilson (1974) in which these three mediums were compared it was found that retention was much better in the print condition than television or radio. One reason to explain the reverse of these results may be due to the difference in the tests employed by the researchers. In William et al. study they used the recognition method, whereas Wilson used the free recall method. It is possible that free recall performance is better after a print presentation than television; this may be because reading requires more cognitive effort and facilitates greater depth of information processing than television viewing. There are potential advantages that are gained when using any of these three media. The major advantage of using print over television and radio is that the reader has the opportunity to consume news at their own pace, unlike broadcasted news where the pace of presentation is determined by producers. Another learning advantage that is thought to exist when information is presented in print and to some extent in radio is that the reader or listener has the ability to produce his/her own images from the presented information. Whereas with television viewers they are already supplied with ready-made images, and therefore they may not be able to undergo this cognitive processing while viewing television. Additional processing advantage of learning material from print or radio is that they require less focused attention compared to when viewing television. Viewers observing television not only have to focus on the image to understand what is happening but also at the same time attend to t he information that is been narrated. Visual images are know to improve memory, but only if they are relevant to the message been portrayed otherwise they can interfere with learning. Gunter (1979) found that free recall was much better for brief headline items when the pictures presented with it were still pictures. Gunter (1980) also found that the presence of slightly irrelevant film accompaniment on TV news stories can interfere to a certain degree with retention of the narrative content. This evidence clearly validates the above point that images can interfere with recall. Beside the medium presentation, the nature of story content may also affect learning. Kleinsmith and Kaplan (1964) revealed that memory may be relatively impeded when the test material is highly arousing but is relatively much better for non-arousing content. Cohen, Wigand and Harrison reported that young viewers had a better recall for violent items judged to be emotional than items judged to be neutral. This clearly reveals that memory for different types of story content does vary, especially according to the channel of presentation. Recently Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984) explored memory for the news as a function of the channel of communication. The experiment intended to report the effect of medium presentation and its relation with story type on memory for news material. In the experiment subjects were presented with a sequence of violent and non-violent news stories either audio-visually, in audio only or in print. Subjects were tested for cued recall of story content immediately after presentation. Results showed that recall of story content was best following the print presentation and worst for radio presentation. Violent content was recalled better than non-violent content, and significantly so in the audio-only and print modes. It was found that males had a higher recall level than females; however in the present study such comparison would not be made. The focus of the present study is to compare learning and memory recall from television, print and radio conditions of presentation, as a result shedding more light on the effects of medium presentation and of its interaction with story type (violent versus non-violent) on memory for news material. Therefore directly replicating the experiment of Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984). The three different conditions of news presentation (television, radio and print) are the independent variables. The dependent variable is the memory performance of each condition which was measured via a questionnaire test requiring free recall of information presented. From previous findings of Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984) research established that memory performance was best following print presentation of the news narrative, and worst for radio presentation. Their study also established that violent news were remember far better than non-violent, which is what this study also aims to demonstrate. As a result, the present study hypothesises that memory performance would be much better in the print condition, followed by the television condition and the worst performance been in the radio condition. Therefore hypothesising as Gunter, Furnham and Gieston (1984) research concluded. Subjects Ninety three male and female psychology undergraduates between the ages of 18-45 from the university college London participated in this experiment as part of a course fulfilment. 26 were randomly assigned to receive information in print (print mod), 34 to receive information audio-visually (television mode) and 33 to receive information through the radio (radio mode). Each subject in the visual condition was assumed to have a normal or corrected to normal vision and subjects assigned to the audio only condition were also assumed to have normal hearing. Design and material Subjects were assigned randomly and independently to each of the three conditions with the limitation that each group should contain approximately equal number of participants. The news information presented consisted of four news stories with each one lasting approximately one minute. The information provided had been originally pre-recorded from TV news bulletins months before the experiment. The items had been recorded from transmissions put out by an experimental TV service and had not been previously shown in normal network TV Bulletins in the UK. The items presented were all common in format, with each one consisting of a film report with a narrative voiceover. Two of the items contained violent events, which included scenes of street clashes between rioters and the police in El Salvador and the other in South Korea. The other two items contained non-violent events, one about the lifting of trade restrictions by Japan and the other about a visit to Yugoslavia by the Greek prime minister. The film footage from El Salvador was made of individuals crouching behind barricades with hand-guns shooting at others across the street; in the mean time the narrator described the reason for the rioting. Meanwhile footage from South Korea was of rioters throwing rocks and stones at the police and in return the police are clubbing any captured demonstrator. The story was mainly concerned with the reasons for rioting and how this related to the dissatisfaction of the government with certain sections of the public. Film footage of the Japans trade restrictions depicted of delegates arriving and settling down into a meeting concerning this and other Versailles matters. The item from Yugoslavia was made of scenes from the visit of the Greek prime minister and the narrator spoke of reasons for the visit. In the television condition, the items were presented to subjects over a colour screen monitor, in the radio condition subjects were asked to face away from the colour screen monitor, facing the wall while the items were played and in the print condition transcripts were of the items were handed out to each subject. All the stories were presented in the same order to all subjects in all conditions as follows; violent non-violent violent non-violent. A questionnaire was devised containing twenty questions (five per news item) requiring some detailed information from the stories. These questionnaires tested each subject recall of the news stories presented, for example Why were people demonstrating in the streets in Seoul? Subjects were awarded for each question that they got completely right three marks and two marks if the answer was partially right, and one if the answer can be understood (vague answer). The maximum mark that a subject can get was sixty marks. Procedure Subjects were randomly divided into the three different conditions. Subjects in each condition received the same instruction; they were told that they would be presented with news information either through television screen, a sound recorder or written transcript depending on the condition they are in. subjects in the television and radio condition were told that the presented information would last approximately four minutes and thirty seconds, whereas those in the print condition were informed that they would have about four minutes in which they should read the transcript. Subjects were told that immediately following the presentation, they would be given a series of questions based on the content of the news to test recall. The question test lasted approximately 10-15 minutes.

Free Essays on Moving City To City

So far in my life I have moved eight times and been to twelve different schools. I’m not talking about just moving houses. I’m talking about eight times, packing all of my things and moving to a whole different state. In all this I have learned the most important quality that anyone needs to get through all of the hardships and changes in moving. That quality is courage. Courage is as stated in The New International Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language to be â€Å"the capacity to meet danger or difficulty with firmness.† In my mind courage has always meant doing what you had to do, and dealing with it because you had to. I never had a choice in my life whether I wanted to move to a different city or not. I just would get told one day that I had about a month before I had to pack up all of my things, say goodbye to all of my friends, say goodbye to my school, and leave everything I had know for the last year or so and move to a whole different place that I didn’t know. For a young child this can be hard. I learned early on, that I was suppost to â€Å"stay strong,† as my father always said. He would tell me that I had to be courageous, and a trooper through all of this and that it would be a new adventure. That’s how I looked at it, as another challenge to face. Courage has to be found deep within you. It isn’t always easy to find, as I have learned from experience, and every time a hardship or a difficult situation comes up you have to dig again to find the courage to get through, but with a little searching I have found that you almost always find it, sometimes at the most unexpected times. Whenever I went into a new school, I would go in shaking, and sometimes crying, and not want to face what was in store for me. My mom would look me in the eyes, tell me everything would be ok, and to find the courage deep within me and I can achieve anything. I would take a few breaths, calm down, and then take m... Free Essays on Moving City To City Free Essays on Moving City To City So far in my life I have moved eight times and been to twelve different schools. I’m not talking about just moving houses. I’m talking about eight times, packing all of my things and moving to a whole different state. In all this I have learned the most important quality that anyone needs to get through all of the hardships and changes in moving. That quality is courage. Courage is as stated in The New International Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language to be â€Å"the capacity to meet danger or difficulty with firmness.† In my mind courage has always meant doing what you had to do, and dealing with it because you had to. I never had a choice in my life whether I wanted to move to a different city or not. I just would get told one day that I had about a month before I had to pack up all of my things, say goodbye to all of my friends, say goodbye to my school, and leave everything I had know for the last year or so and move to a whole different place that I didn’t know. For a young child this can be hard. I learned early on, that I was suppost to â€Å"stay strong,† as my father always said. He would tell me that I had to be courageous, and a trooper through all of this and that it would be a new adventure. That’s how I looked at it, as another challenge to face. Courage has to be found deep within you. It isn’t always easy to find, as I have learned from experience, and every time a hardship or a difficult situation comes up you have to dig again to find the courage to get through, but with a little searching I have found that you almost always find it, sometimes at the most unexpected times. Whenever I went into a new school, I would go in shaking, and sometimes crying, and not want to face what was in store for me. My mom would look me in the eyes, tell me everything would be ok, and to find the courage deep within me and I can achieve anything. I would take a few breaths, calm down, and then take m...