A Code Of Ethics For Professional Accounts - 1901 Words

1. Basically, it can be concluded that the stakeholders are those who involved in the case; Katrina Richards, she is the partner on the engagement of ‘Global’ company. Juliette Forbes, she is the managing partner of the accounting firm. Richard and Greg, they are members of the accounting firm; they make final decision when there is any special situation especially if there is difference perspectives between firm and clients. Last, CEO of ‘Global’ James Hubert. For the ethical obligation, they need to abide by the APES 110, and it is a code of ethics for professional accounts, which is issued by IESBA under IFAC. Members must conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the good reputation of their profession and refrain from any conduct that might bring discredit to their profession. (APES 110, GN1) The general conducts are, first, integrity; members should straightforward and honest in all professional and business relationships; objectivity means do not allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of others to override professional or business judgments; professional competence and due care it requires member maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that a client or employer receives competent Professional Services based on current developments in practice, legislation and techniques and act diligently and in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards; confidentiality is to respect the confidentiality ofShow MoreRelatedANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)Read MoreWhy Ethics Are Important to Auditors1355 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing, the purpose of a judgment is to assume something or calculate the worth for it. Although the process producing a judgment may involve an audit as an independent professional, its aim is to give a measurement instead of expressing an opinion for the accuracy of statements or the level of excellence in their performance. Ethics may be defined as the actions showed by an individual on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. It is a personal thing. A person individually performsRead MoreEthical Codes And Guidelines Are Not Like Basic Recipes1468 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is an ongoing process in counseling in which every counselor should have some sort of knowledge about. Standard ethical codes and guidelines are not like basic recipes. They are very broad and vague. Ethical codes are often use for what you need to do, but not always how you should do it. Ethics is a word that’s widely used and an integral piece to the helping profession. Ethics is important for all individuals who are working in the helping profession, including mental health, rehabilitationRead MoreAicpa Code Of Professional Conduct Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesthat contributes to the country’s economy. Introduction of AICPA Code of Professional Conduct helps in controlling the business operation especially in the accounting and management departments. Accounting and management fraud have been experienced whereby through corruption or other means, entrusted managers and accountants tend to be selfish in undertaking their duties. These factors are well addressed by the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct principles. Therefore, the study seeks to introduce twoRead MoreEssay on Codes of Practice1513 Words   |  7 PagesEthics and values apply to our personal and professional lives. Ethics are a notion of one’s actions, which originates from ideology of an individual doing what is right not wrong. According to the dictionary ethics is the â€Å"branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.† These beliefs are amassed to help a person determine how their actions willRead MoreComparing Codes of Ethics Essays895 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Codes of Ethics The American Counseling Association and the American Mental Health Counselors Association Codes of Ethics both provide guidance and direction in making ethical decisions for their members (ACA, 2005) (AMHCA, 2010). Both the ACA and the AMHCA Codes of Ethics cover a wide range of moral and ethical situations that could present themselves to mental health professionals. Both of these codes of ethics have significant impacts on the counseling profession. The tools providedRead MorePros And Cons Of Having A Professional Code Of Ethics1683 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Having a Professional Code of Ethics Introduction A professional code of ethics acts as a guide concerning ethical conduct in a given profession. However, over time, it has been termed as an impediment to intellectual and moral developments. This way or another, there are advantages as well as disadvantages that emanate from applying the professional code of ethics depending on the context of practices. For this reason, this paper discusses both sides: positive and negative effectsRead MoreEthics : The Principles Of A Culture Individuals, Organisation Or Groups814 Words   |  4 PagesEthics are the principles of a culture individuals, organisation or groups. It is also moral values which cultures or individual holds, such as the moral judgment and their decision making whether something is right or wrong. The decisions that may be impacted by ethics are rejecting a route which will increase their short terms profits due to it being unethical. This is an important aspect of business, as this affects the relations between different businesses and their workers but also affectsRead MoreSample Resume : Campus Enrolment1174 Words   |  5 Pages Assignment Cover Sheet College of School of Student name: Ruhaan Kanpurwala Student number: 17461043 Unit name and number: Professional Practice 300053 Tutorial group: Tutorial day and time: Lecturer/Tutor: Dr. Ragbir Bhathal Title of assignment: Assignment 1: Essay Length: Date due: 21/08/15 Date submitted: Campus enrolment: UWS Kingswood Declaration: ï  ± I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged. ï  ± I hereby certify that no partRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pages Special education is an ethically and politically complex area of professional education (Paul, French, Cranston-Gingras, 2001). Critics have claimed that special education does not benefit student with disabilities and should be renounced for ethical reasons (Gartner Lipsky, 1989). Others assert that special education is unethical because it stigmatizes and segregates minority students and violates the rights of children (Grossman, 1998; Granger Granger, 1986). On the other hand, proponents

How Stock Prices React To Information - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5234 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Case studies, introduced back in 1969, produced useful evidence on how stock prices react to information. Many studies focus on returns in the short window (several days) about clean of the event. The advantage of this approach is that, because expected daily returns are close to zero, the model for the expected return does not have a major impact on the findings of abnormal returns. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Stock Prices React To Information" essay for you Create order The assumption in studies that focus on short return windows is that there were delays in price response event is short-lived. There is a developing literature that challenges this assumption, arguing instead that stock prices adjust slowly to information, so that one must examine returns over long horizons to show full-size market inefficiency. If someone said to accept its conclusions, many of the recent studies on long-term returns suggest market inefficiency, namely, long-term under reaction or overreaction to information. It is time, however, to ask whether this literature, viewed as a whole, suggests that the efficiency should be rejected. The answer should be a solid, no, for two reasons. First, the efficient market generates categories of events that individually suggest that prices are over-react to information. But in an efficient market, it is obvious: Under-reaction will be around as often as over-reaction. If the anomaly is divided between the accident under-reaction and overreaction, they are consistent with market efficiency. We will see that even clear about the division between overreaction and underreaction is a good description of the menu of existing anomalies. Second, and more importantly, if the long-term return anomalies are so large that it cannot be attributed to the case, then even split between over-and under-reaction is a Pyrrhic victory for market efficiency. We will find, however, that the long-term return anomalies are sensitive to the methodology. They tend to become marginal or disappear when exposed to different models for expected (normal) returns or when different statistical approaches are used to measure them. Thus, even viewed one by one, most long-term return anomalies can reasonably be attributed to chance. The problem in the development of the overall perspective of long-term return studies is that they rarely test specific alternative to market efficiency. Instead, the alternative hypothesis is unclear, the market inefficiency. This is unacceptable. Like all models, market efficiency (the hypothesis that prices fully reflect the available information) is a wrong description of the pricing. Following the standard scientific rule, however, market efficiency could be replaced by a better specific model of price formation, itself potentially rejectable by empirical tests. Each alternative model has a difficult task. Please specify the errors in information processing, which have the same investors under-react to certain types of events and over-reaction to others. The alternative must also clarify the observed results better than the simple story of market efficiency, ie the expected value of abnormal returns is zero, but chance generates deviations from zero (anomalies) in both directions. From the literature, the irregularity was not settled on a concrete alternative to market efficiency, to get the ball rolling I assume that reasonable alternatives must choose between over-reaction or response. Using this perspective, we review existing studies, without questioning their applications. Each mechanism of organized marketing assets or financial liabilities is determined on the financial market. It is a market in which financial assets and liabilities are traded (Richard and Bill, 2006). Financial assets in this area includes all forms of securities, ranging from ordinary derivatives. Performance, it is widely used can be seen as the ability to achieve the desired result of the action or not waste energy (Encarta Dictionary, 2009). In other words, it has to do with how resources are used efficiently, the extent to which something is good. Financial market efficiency can be said to include as financial assets and liabilities are exchanged efficiently and productively the funds invested in financial market instruments. However, the exchange of securities in respect of funds can not be made only at the price willingly accepted by both parties, while the price is determined mainly by the value and scope of information available on the market for investors. This document d iscusses the performance of financial markets, however, explore the theories and assumptions, and explaining in detail all the terminology (majorly prices and information) relating to the efficiency of the financial market. LITERATURE REVIEW There have been extensive results on the effectiveness of the financial market. This led to the development of various theories, such as determination of the value of securities, the impact of information on share prices, dividend policy, to name a few. DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL MARKET Financial markets, as per Olowe, 1997, are mechanisms in which the surplus and deficit units can be connected economy by buying and selling financial claims. Furthermore, he argues that the primary function of financial markets is to allow the funds effectively allocated from the surplus units in the economy, the deficit units for productive investments. Richard and Bill, 2006, view of the financial market, like any market mechanism for financial assets and securities. They further explain that there is often no physical market transactions are conducted via telephone or computer. Is any market in which financial assets and liabilities are traded and the mechanism through which corporate financial managers have access to various funding sources and instruments. Capital markets, however, operate in two ways: Primary market providing new capital for enterprises and other activities, usually in the form of issuing shares to new or existing shareholders or loans. It provides the focal points for lenders and borrowers to meet. First of all, new sources of funding is raised in this market. Secondary market trade existing securities, thereby allowing investors to supply the existing holdings at will. Active in the secondary market is a prerequisite for efficient primary market and, as no investor will want to stick with investments that cannot be implemented if desired. Institute of Chartered Accountants of London describes the financial market, with the means provided by the financial system for the creations, care and distribution of financial assets and liabilities. The market according to the institute, has two major segments, money and capital markets. Money market offers the opportunity to raise short-term investments and funds. Tenor, which from day to day varies from about a year or two years. Exchange financial instruments on the market include treasury bills, bills, treasury certificates, securities, etc., the capital market on the other hand are the mechanisms, institutions and structures in which the medium and long term funds are collected and made available for businesses, government and individuals . Capital markets is that the instruments which are already provided are outstanding. OVERREACTION AND UNDERREACTION One of the first papers on long-term return anomalies wrote by DeBondt and Thaler (1985). We find that when stocks are ranked on three to five years past returns, past winners are usually the future losers, and vice versa. Attributed to these long-term return reversals to investor overreaction. In forming expectations, investors give too much weight to past performance of companies and too little to performance instead of the mean return. DeBondt and Thaler seem to argue that the overreaction to past information about the general assessment of behavioral decision theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1982). So could be that the overreaction to the prediction of behavioural finance alternative to market efficiency. In most cases, however, the anomalies literature has not accepted the discipline of an alternative hypothesis. An exception is Lakonishok et al. (1994). They argue that the indicators of stock prices proxy for past performance. Companies in the high proportion of earnings in the financial market instruments. These are securities or financial instruments traded on financial markets and the already mentioned, the two major segments of financial markets money and capital markets, the instruments traded in the money market are as follows: Treasury securities those short-term obligations of the federal government to the holder a specified sum of money after a certain number of days in question. Treasury securities are of two types depending on the denomination and maturities. While Treasury yields are generally low fixed and matures about 91 days of issue of certificate treasury share similar features with it, but a longer duration and higher fixed rate. Certificate of deposit (CDS) these are the revenues of banks deposit liabilities of a specified interest rate for a specified period of time. CDS is an interbank asset and serve as a means of channeling cash surplus of commercial banks, commercial banks, who are the main issuers of these types of devices. When the bank promises to pay the principal and interest at maturity, usually 3-36 months, with the name of the negotiable certificate of deposits. However, if the CD features of the deposit receipt, and are generally held to maturity, while, they are called non-negotiable certificates of deposits. Non-negotiable certificates of deposits is also maturity of up to 3-36 months. Commercial paper this is an unsecured short-term bills issued by the company to interested investors for a cash discount for a specific term. Investors in commercial paper loans are usually worth individuals or institutional investors. This is usually for a duration ranging from 30-270 days. Commercial paper dealer, however, classified documents and the documents placed directly. Securities dealer commercial paper investors placed through the dealer, which can be placed directly under a bank notes, commercial papers directly to the investors of the company issuing the documents, which require the issuer to maintain dress trained personnel who have a good knowledge of financial markets and good relationships in the markets. In all cases, the commercial paper investment of the investors, who borrow in the credit market without security, or even negative pledge. Commercial paper traded only on the primary market. Bankers Acceptances also known as the draft bill adopted by the drawee bank determines that a certain amount to be paid after a certain period of time. Adopted by writing the word your means the whole face of the draft with authorized signature. If this is done, the invoice, you should be the beneficiary of a discount rate. This financing through international trade credits. It is also intended to finance trade in goods in bonded warehouses, and in particular the credit created by the bankers acceptance self-liquid short-term loans. The maturity range of 90-180 days, or sometimes 30 to 270 days. Bank deposits this place is the base of the investors / depositors of the bank agreed rate of interest. Bank deposits are divided into call deposits / savings account deposits and fixed deposits. Call made deposits with agreed maturity date, and should be terminated by both parties at any given notice to the other party to an agreement based on the period of notice, the deposit liabilities of deposit and the bank for a specified period a specified rate of interest, which can be fixed or variable. The maturity of deposits vary from a few days a number of years. The deposit must be certified or non-receipt or certificate of deposit. Derivatives they are using, or losing or speculation from hedge against movements in currencies and interest rates. These financial instruments whose value are derived from underlying securities, which allows an investor to gain exposure to the performance of the underlying securities without having to physically. If a profit, there may be a hidden risk in derivative markets. Financial experts term financial weapons of mass destruction, and describes as hell, which is easy, and almost impossible to quit. Examples of derivatives, forward contracts and contract options for the future. CAPITAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS Debt Securities long-term loans are raised by a company or the government, which interest is payable, and a fixed rate. The nominal value of debt instruments, the debt of the issuer of the instrument and the interest is paid at the nominal rate of interest on this amount. In most cases, debt can be exchanged. Preference Shares this is a major source of long-term financing for the company. The holders of traditional shareholders instead of dividends. Preference shares, if they are collectively entitled to the unpaid dividend for the previous periods, carried over from one period to another, until finally paid off, in which case the arrears must be paid before common stock dividends paid. As well as debt securities, preferred shares convertible. Ordinary Shares the holders of these shares owned by the company. These nominal values and the memorandum and articles of association of the companys authorized common shares of the company may issue. The ordinary shareholders of the companys remaining claims, ie, they paid dividends in other fixed obligations have been met. Convertible Securities shares of both of these hybrid securities, the functions of the fixed-income securities and equity. These securities (usually fixed-rate), which is convertible into ordinary shares in the companys choice of the right in the future. Having explained the concept of the financial market, and it is composed, it is necessary to examine whether effective or not. Before this can be done, efficiency, whereas a different connotation in different environments should be clarified in the light of the financial market. EFFICIENCY This word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is all part of the vocabulary of everyone. For most, this means that it can achieve the desired result, without or with minimal wasted energy or effort. The Encarta dictionary, 2009, is the ability to do something well or achieve the desired results will not be wasted energy and effort, that is, to what extent something is done well, or not wasted energy and effort. Overall, this is a situation where growing prosperity of the amount of productive resources and the current state of technical knowledge economy, eliminating wasted effort, and allows for additional output from the available resources to achieve this desired result, avoiding wastage and prevent losses to avoid harm. (David N.H, 2005). However, in order that the various professions that means different things, the economists are talking about allocation of efficiency the extent to which resources are allocated to the most productive use of this society with the greatest need. The engineers talk about the technical efficiency the extent to which a mechanism performs the maximum capacity. Sociologists and political scientists talk about the social efficiency the extent to which complies with the accepted mechanism for social and political values. (Richard and Bill, 2006). 6.1 Financial Market Efficiency The investment guru or financial expert, a slightly better efficiency, this also applies to the pricing and information on the effectiveness, efficiency, instead of sources of financial market instruments. It is necessary to do a quick and convenient tool to convert currency and vice versa, that the price of the securities is determined and how to manage the risks associated with the securities. This, however, with the roles of the financial market is expected to perform in the economy, according to which the Olowe, 2007, divided into three (3); 1) Allocational efficiency the role of financial markets to optimally allocate scarce savings in productive investments in such a way that benefits everyone. 2) The operating efficiency the server as an intermediary, who provide the funds from savers to investors at the least cost, which offered them a fair return for their services. 3) Pricing efficiency the role of the dominant values at which securities will be replaced if the market price of capital allocation signals. The prices of the forces of supply and demand. Fama, 1976 (the Olowe, 1997) considers the effectiveness of pricing efficiency in the processing of information. Based on what said before, we can conclude that the pricing information of the two major determinants of efficient financial markets. Thus, financial market efficiency can be defined as the market in which security prices quickly and fully reflects all available information. The market in which any device that outperforms the market to be unusable. Therefore, the efficient financial markets, the same yield for a given level of risk should be implemented for all investors. Price (E / P), cash flow to price (C / P), and the book-to-market equity (BE / ME) is generally poor past earnings growth, and firms with low E / P, C / P, and BE / ME are generally strong earnings growth in the past. Since the market is over-react to the recent growth, it is surprised when earnings growth mean returns. As a result, a high E / P, C / P, and BE / ME stocks (poor past performers) have high future returns, and low E / P, C / P, and BE / ME stocks (strong past performers) at low future returns. We also considered the poor long-term post-event returns in the stock market (IPO), and experienced their own offerings (SEO) is the overreaction camp. SEO is a strong stock returns in the three years prior to the issue. It seems safe to assume that these strong returns reflect strong earnings. It seems safe to assume that the IPO will have a strong past earnings to appear in public. If the market does not mean that the income growth increasingly means returns, stock prices at the time of the equity issue (IPO or SEO) is too high. If the market only gradually recognizes the mistake, the overreaction to past earnings adjusted for slow growth in the future. Finally, some argue that the long-term negative abnormal stock returns post-list of companies that the new list of the NYSE and Amex because of the overreaction. Companies list their stocks to take advantage of market overreaction to the recent strong performance. As it turns out, overreaction was the result of tests of long-term returns, market efficiency would be dead, replaced by the alternative behavioural DeBondt and Thaler. The fact that it was obvious during the reaction around frequently. My grandfather was in the bottom of the reaction to the events of the evidence that stock prices seem to respond to income of about one year after announced. Another impetus to the effect that the high returns of stocks over the past year, yields are typically high, as the next three to six months. Alternatively, if new tests also produce the long-term post-event abnormal returns, which suggest underreaction, indicating a positive post-event abnormal returns of divesting firms and the companies that will sell. Attributed to the result of market underreaction to the enhanced probability that after the spinoff, both the parent and the spinoff is likely to become merger targets, and the recipient of aid. Desai and Jain and Ikenberry et al. Determine that the companies shared experience in human resources, long-term positive abnormal returns before and after the split. Attributed to the post-split returns to the market underreaction to the information indicates a positive split. Lakonishok and Vermaelen find positive long-term post-event abnormal returns when companies apply for stock. Ikenberry et al. observed similar results in the open market share repurchases. The story in both cases is that while the market, responding to a positive sign for the future performance of the share repurchases. Finally, Michaely et al. finds that the basis of stock prices, appears to respond to negative information in dividend omissions, information and positive initiatives. A few of the long-term return anomalies it is not easy to classify. For example, Asquith and Agrawal et al. indicate negative long-term abnormal returns to acquiring firms following mergers. This is also attributable to underreaction of market to a bad investment decision, or overreaction to the typically strong pre-merger performance of acquiring firms, documented, and Mitchell Staford. Ikenberry and Lakonishok find a negative post-event abnormal returns of firms involved in proxy contests. A story, based on the stock exchange, responds to the poor performance of these businesses prior to the proxy of competition, but another is that the price is too responds to the proxy information that something is likely to change. Because of the ambiguities in classifying certain disorders, and given the fact that the above review is certainly not complete, I will not do a number against the overreaction underreaction studies. What is important is that the literature does not lean toward the clean up of behavioral alternative to market efficiency. This will not be lost in the behavioral finance researchers who acknowledge the issue: We hope that future research will help to understand why the market seems to overreact in certain circumstances and underreact in others. (Michaely et al.). The market efficiency hypothesis is a simple answer to this question is a chance. Specifically, the expected value of zero abnormal returns, but chance generates apparent anomalies that split randomly between underreaction and overreaction. The weight of evidence of long-term return anomalies are so overwhelming that market efficiency is not viable even in the absence of an alternative working model that explains both under-and overreaction? The answer to that question is no, for two reasons: First, it is doubtful that the literature is presented in a randomly selected sample of events. Splashy results get more attention, and it encourages you to find. That the dredging of the irregularities of a rewarding profession suggested by the fact that the anomalies literature shows so little sensitivity to the other hypothesis problem. The same authors, visual events are often satisfied with the overreaction or underreaction, and are prepared to conclude that both justify the rejection of market efficiency. Second, some disorders may be evident by means of a reasonable price. Fama and French find that the long-term return reversals and the DeBondt Thaler, and conversely, to return to the Lakonishok et al. captured by a multifactor asset pricing model. In a nutshell, covariation between the returns of long-term losers seems related to the risk premium, which explains why higher future average returns than long-term winners. Fama and French discuss the fights and the multifactorial model, but the results are sufficient to illustrate an important point: Conclusions on market efficiency can be sensitive to the assumed model of expected returns. Last, but most importantly, have more or less split between overreaction and underreaction is not much support for market efficiency in the long-term return anomalies are so great they can not be attributed to chance. But it will still be viewed individually, most of the anomalies are weak. They usually disappear when reasonable alternative approaches to measure them. 6.2 Pricing of Securities Pricing is a major determinant of financial market efficiency security is discussed in relation to pricing of risk and return. Risk, which is created by many factors, such as general economic conditions, economic factors specific to security, competition, technological development, investor preferences, and all other kinds of circumstances, as defined in Van Horne, 1986, the various possible return on investment. Olowe, in 1997, also sees risk to the likelihood of a deviation from the expected return from holding a security back to the actual holding of such securities. The introduction of the risk, the investor may be indifferent as to which to invest in safety, if there is available for investment, similar yields. A conceptual framework for examining the relationship between risk and return, as they affect the pricing of security, discussed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the discretionary pricing model (APM). 6.3 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) This model was developed by Sharpe (1964), Linter (1965) and Mossin (1966). It shows the expected return on the relationship between security and the inevitable risks. Provides a framework for the evaluation of the securities and can be used to find the unit cost of equity capital. CAPM, however, was the following assumptions: A time CAPM model assumes that investors are risk averse. The rice adopters and investors in the securities in the uniform requirement. There is a risk-free security, so that investors may borrow or loan an unlimited amount of risk premium rates. The securities are sold, and perfectly divisible. Even more so, to the quantities. The information is freely available to all investors. Investment restrictions cannot be neglected and no investor is large enough to affect the market price of the stock. The above assumptions are briefly assumes that there is a perfect market, and that the financial market is efficient. Thus, as the assumptions, all asset prices fall, that the security market line, while the security market line equation: E(R1) = RF + [E(RM) RF]ÃŽÂ ²1 Where ÃŽÂ ²1 = COV(R1RM) à Ã†â€™2m E(R1) = expected return on security RF = risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" free rate E(RM) = expected rate on market portfolio ÃŽÂ ²1 = beta of security i COV(R1RM)= covariance of return on security i with the returns on a market portfolio. à Ã†â€™2m = variance of returns on the market portfolio Example; if the expected return on security is 24% and its beta is 1.8. show whether the security is under or overvalued if the risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" free rate is 13% and return on market portfolio is 18%. Solution; E(R1) = RF + [E(RM) RF]ÃŽÂ ²1 = 0.13 + [0.18 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.13]1.8 0.22 i.e. 22%. We conclude that it is undervalued as the expected return is 2% less than the predicted. i.e. 24% 22%. 6.4 Characteristics of CAPM The fact that not all risk-return safety concern that risk averse investors, asset should be priced to the risk-adjusted return is exactly the security market line. So the only risk is that investors pay a premium to avoid the risk of market share so that the total risk of each security in a systematic and systemic risk. A general and systematic risk affects the entire market, and irregular and the characteristic factors unique to a particular person. Effective diversification, however, reduces the overall risk of the portfolio to the point where only the regular risk remains. Measured by the weighted average portfolio beta of the beta of individual securities in the portfolio. Proportion of portfolio funds allocated to represent the weights of individual securities in the portfolio, and it represents mathematically: n ÃŽÂ ²P = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ wi ÃŽÂ ²i i=1 where ÃŽÂ ²p = beta of portfolio p ÃŽÂ ²i = beta of security Wi = proportion of security in portfolio p Conclusion: CAPM has been derived under some simplifying assumptions, most of which do not correspond to reality. For this reason, it has been criticized on the grounds that it assumes the market portfolio of all assets stocks, bonds, property and human capital. The real-life situations, empirical tests of the CAPM tend to use proxies, such as stock market indices as the market portfolio. 6.5 The Arbitrage Pricing Model It has proposed by Rose (1976), because the dissatisfaction of the CAPM on the theoretical and empirical grounds. This is a multi-factor model (multiple-beta model), compared to the CAPM, a single factor model. The safety factor for the actual return for a state grant: n Ri = E(Ri) + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ bijFj + ej J=1 This can be restated as Ri = E(Ri) + bi1F1+bi2F2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. + binFn + ei Ri = actual return on security E(Ri) = expected return on security i Fj = the (uncertain) value of factor j bij = sensitivity to factor j ei = the error term. It is also the security-specific return. Similar to the CAPM, we diversify the unsystematic risk, but in addition, we arrive at the market equilibrium, as individuals eliminate arbitrage profits across multiple factors. The model does not explicitly indicate what factors or economic factors or behavioral significance. However, the market return as in the case of CAPM can be one factor. The APM, therefore, suggests that the linear relationship between security returns and a few factors. The steady-state under this model, the expected return on security i E (Ri) issued by: E(Ri) = Rf +Ɔº1 bi1 + Ɔº2 bi2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..+ Ɔºn bn Where Rf = risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" free rate Ɔºn = risk premium for the types of risk associated with particular factors. Its equation can be rewritten as: Ɔºn = En à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Rf where En is the expected return of a portfolio which has unit response to other factors. Example: The return of stock company is related to two factors as follows. E(Ri) = Rf +0.7Ɔº1 + 1.6 Ɔº2 + 1.3 Ɔº3 Where 0.7,1.6 and 1.3 are sensitivity coefficients associated with each factor. If the risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" free rate is 12%, Ɔº1 is 7%, Ɔº2 is 4% and Ɔº3 is 6%. Calculate the expected return on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock. Solution: E(Ri) = 0.12 + 0.7(0.07) + 1.6(0.04)+1.3(0.06) = 0.311 i.e. 31.1% In summary, it seems more than the CAPM, the APM allows the CAPM risk averse investors to focus more attention to the systematic risk of securities pricing and diversify the systematic risk. According to APM on the other hand, individuals across a number of factors arbitrage, arbitrage opportunities disappear when the market is in balance. However, there is consensus on these factors, the APM, and testable. Thus, CAPM can still be used in security prices. INFORMATION ON SECURITIES Information can be classified as historic, current, or expected. Only the current or previous information from some of its effect on prices. The more information is available, the better the situation means that an informed decision is more likely correct. Security prices are characterized by a random and unpredictable movements. The movement in security prices may be interpreted to mean that investors in the market, a quick note to all security-related information on prices and prices adjust quickly to such information. Thus, the effectiveness of the security prices depend on the speed of price adjustment to all available information. The more efficient than the speed of adjustment of prices. The market efficiency of the available information, however, the efficient market hypothesis reflects (EMW), the three basic forms: Weak form Semi a strong form; Strong form. 1) The weak form EMH states that current stock prices fully reflect all of the information included in the recent price movements, which makes it impossible for investors to predict future security prices and the analysis of historical prices, achieved better results than the stock market as well. Therefore, the market may be effective in this form, there is no significant correlation term average prices of securities. Even more so, if an investors trading strategy can not beat the market based on information available to him, we conclude that the market is weak form efficient. Olowe 1997, places that most of the worlds markets are weak form efficient. 2) Semi strong a form of efficiency, aims to fully reflect all publicly available information about securities. This means that the investor is unable to outperform the market by analyzing the existing company related or other relevant information. This form assumes that stock prices reflect an event or information very quickly, and therefore can not be an investor to beat the market using this information. 3) Strong form of efficiency, concerned by the fact that securities prices reflect all published and unpublished public and private information. This means that people in the private or insider information to be able to outperform the market in this form. Convincingly, Olowe, 2007 states that the following assumption is sufficient for an efficient market; Non-transaction cost of trading in securities. The information is freely available to all market participants. Each investors time horizon is the same Every single demand of investors, in particular, that the implication of the current information on the current price and selling price of each security in the future. The general assumption underlying the efficient market therefore means that the price of the securities market should be reflected in accordance with sufficient information to enable investors make informed investment decisions in these markets. CONCLUSIONS The recent finance literature seems to present a number of long-term return anomalies. Under control, but the evidence does not suggest that market efficiency should be removed. In line with the market efficiency hypothesis that the anomalies are chance results, apparent overreaction the share prices of the common information, such as underreaction. And post-event continuation of pre-event abnormal returns is about as frequent event after a reverse. The key to the long-term return anomalies are fragile. They will disappear after rather reasonable changes made in the way they are measured.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1297 Words

Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most romantic tragedies of all times. It s also one of the most known play worldwide. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because the two young lovers (Romeo and Juliet) are faced with an obstacle that results in a dreadful conclusion. The main theme of this tragedy is the conquest of man s spirit over life s brutality. A disordered and chaotic world can bring disaster down on those who live it. Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet is one of the most romantic tragedies of all times. It s also one of the most known plays. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because the two young lovers (Romeo and Juliet) are faced with an obstacle that results in a dreadful conclusion. The theme of this tragedy is triumph of man s spirit over life s cruelty, life decisions over family and sorrow. A disordered and chaotic world can bring disaster down on those who live it. Throughout the play, Shakespeare used poetry which made all of his plays very unique. Sonnets and Couplets are the most important forms of poetry used in Romeo and Juliet. Sonnets which is a poem of 14 lines, (in Shakespeare plays it s throughout the play), uses a number of any formal rhyme schemes. Couplets are two lines of verse joined by a rhyme. An example of a sonnet would be, Romeo [To Juliet] If I profane with my unworthiest hand, this holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet: GoodShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Maldives Curriculum and Technology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: What are the Challenges of using technology in Implementing the New Curriculum in Maldives? Answer: Introduction The new National curriculum of Maldives specifies eight major key competencies it aims to achieve. The recommendations are as follows; Widen the scope for religious studies The curriculum should include the study of all other religion so that learners can be exposed to different philosophical thinking. This will enrich their knowledge about religious studies and prepare them to be tolerant to people who practice other religions and make them better global citizens. Emphasize on outdoor extra curricula activities Sports and games are not only a good break from class work but are also opportunities for learners to develop self respect interpersonal skills. This is crucial also in maintaining physical health. They should be exposed to career opportunities that can arise out of excellence in sports. Benchmark curriculum with advanced countries The curriculum should be bench marked with the best performing countries social economically. The researchers can look at how the education curricula of the high performing countries prepare learners to be productive members of society. Priority should be given to countries that excel in not only in overall economic growth but also those that strive to reduce wealth gaps Adapt the curriculum to the countrys socio-economic needs A good curriculum will be alive to the current needs of the country and respond to the countys future projections. The education ministry should work in consultation with the ministries responsible for national planning so as to ensure that there is harmonization of the curriculum with the projected goals for the country. Girls face myriad challenges in Maldives in pursuit of education and they mostly drop out in elementary stages. The curriculum should include incentives that promote the education of the girl child that will lead to empowerment of women in society. There is evidence that when women are empowered, the economy grows at a high rate. Incorporate global issues in education The world today is networked and learners need to be prepared to face the global world. Issues like climate change and global warming that dominate international debate should be incorporated in the curriculum. Awareness of global issues also puts learners in a good position to seek opportunities for advanced learning in top institutions across the world. Use technology and media cautiously The drive in society towards technology is very compelling. Technology can be distracting to learning and can promote unethical academic practices like plagiarism. The use of tablets and the internet could easily distract younger learners in their pursuit for education and transform them into passive learners. In this regard, it is obvious that media and technology should be used with care. Incorporate cultural studies Cultural studies will educate the learners to their shared heritage and promote patriotism in them. This will ensure that they are not swallowed up in modernity but they get a distinctive sense of identity in their own nation (Adam, 2017). Conclusion The new curriculum for Maldives is dynamic and designed to make well rounded learners. Although technology is generally considered as an enabler, the current pace of technological advancement can become a distraction to the learning process especially among younger learners. References Adam, A. (2017). A framework for seeking the connections between technology, pedagogy, and culture: A study in the maldives.Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning,21(1), 35. Parkay, F. W., Anctil, E. J., Hass, G. (2014).Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall.